Electrophysiological Correlates of the Uncanny Valley

The present study investigated the electrophysiological correlates of the uncanny valley effect while human observers viewed pictures of various robot faces. We found characteristic non-linear trajectories of the N400 amplitude against the self-rated human-likeness of the robot faces, similar to the trajectory found for the self-rated likability score. The late positive potential (LPP) and frontal-midline theta showed parabolic trajectories against the human-likeness scores, which peaked at most uncanny faces but did not follow the non-linear uncanny-valley pattern. The frontal alpha asymmetry did not produce this trajectory. The N170 was larger for more mechanical robot faces but had little change across more human-like faces. These results corroborated the proposal that the uncanny valley effect stems from expectancy violation for human faces, but they surprisingly provided little evidence for affective reactions to uncanny robot faces. The LPP and frontal-midline theta could reflect increased cognitive control for ambiguous faces rather than their uncanniness. These findings suggest that the uncanny valley effect is primarily a perceptual or cognitive phenomenon, whereas its emotional impact might be less prominent than commonly believed.