The Gut-Brain Axis in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Probiotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

Background: The gut-brain axis (GBA) represents a two-way communication system that connects the enteric nervous system with the central nervous system. Growing research indicates that imbalances in intestinal microbiota contribute to the development of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Purpose/Aim: This review seeks to consolidate existing research on how the GBA influences neurodegeneration and to assess the therapeutic possibilities of interventions targeting microbiota, particularly probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Methods: An extensive literature review was performed across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify relevant preclinical and clinical research published from 2010 to 2024. Key results: Results indicate that intestinal microbiota imbalances may trigger neuroinflammation, abnormal protein folding, and compromise blood-brain barrier integrity. Although probiotic research demonstrates moderate improvements in cognitive parameters, FMT offers a more comprehensive yet underexplored method for influencing gut microbiome composition and potentially modifying disease development. Conclusion: Interventions targeting intestinal microbiota offer a valuable new therapeutic avenue for treating neurodegenerative conditions. Nevertheless, conducting extensive, well-designed clinical studies remains crucial for confirming effectiveness, developing standardized treatment protocols, and ensuring patient safety over extended periods.