The global burden of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2021

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a widespread neurodevelopmental condition impacting children and adolescents globally. This study analyzed data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 to evaluate ADHD prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), their trends and associated risk factors using advanced statistical approaches. We also explored the relationship between the disease burden of ADHD and the socio-demographic index(SDI), and predicted ADHD prevalence from 2022–2036. The global number of children and adolescents in 2021 with ADHD was 46,890,733, and the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) was 638.674/ 100, 000. From 1990 to 2021, the ASPR of ADHD showed a fluctuating declining trend. Age, period, and cohort effects were found to have a significant impact on ADHD prevalence. The global burden of ADHD was increasing, mainly attributed to population growth and changes in population age structure. The DALYs exhibited a declining trend with increasing SDI levels. Finally, it is predicted that the prevalence rates of ADHD will continue to rise between 2022 and 2036. Despite declining prevalence rates, the disease burden continues to increase due to various factors. Future efforts should focus on screening and early intervention in high-risk populations, while enhancing essential mental health services.