Going Deeper: Development and Validation of a Multi-Dimensional DEEP Connection to Nature Scale

This study developed and validated a new multidimensional measure of connection to nature (CTN) - the DEEP Connection to Nature Scale. Addressing limitations of existing scales, the new scale attempts to emphasize self-integration with nature while capturing the three well-agreed upon aspects of connection to nature—cognitive, emotional, and behavioral. Using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses across a sample of 1152 and 657 adults, respectively, a four-factor structure was validated: (D)epth of identity, (E)motional connection, (E)xperiential connection, and (P)resence within nature. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency, convergent validity with existing CTN measures, and predictive validity for pro-environmental behavior (PEB) as well as a composite measure of well-being. Notably, the DEEP CTN Scale explained more variance in PEB (30%) compared to two widely used unidimensional measures. The Emotional and Presence dimensions emerged as the strongest unique predictors of PEB, while Depth and Presence positively predicted well-being. These relationships remained robust when controlling for relevant covariates. The multidimensional structure allows for more nuanced assessment of human-nature relationships and their outcomes. This psychometrically sound, theory-driven measure addresses key limitations of previous scales and provides a foundation for future CTN research across diverse populations. The DEEP CTN Scale offers researchers and practitioners a tool to better understand and cultivate meaningful connections with nature.