Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Risks That May Generate Energy Crises – Blackout

A adaptable, resilient, safe and secure power system is essential for ensuring energy and national security, having a direct impact on a state's economy, social stability, and well-being through the following requirements: Ensuring continuity of power supply (a robust power system guarantees uninterrupted access to electricity for citizens, institutions, and industries, reducing the risk of disruptions caused by technical deficiencies, cyberattacks, or geopolitical instability); Energy independence and reduction of external dependence (a state that produces sufficient electricity from its own sources is less vulnerable to international market fluctuations and external pressures, while diversifying energy sources—renewable, nuclear, hydrocarbons—reduces import dependence and economic vulnerability); Security of power infrastructure (protecting electricity networks from physical and cyberattacks is essential for the normal functioning of society, and developing modern infrastructure—smart grids, electricity storage—ensures the resilience of the energy system); Economic stability and national development (an efficient power system supports industry, agriculture, and services, contributing to economic growth, while lower energy costs enhance economic competitiveness and attract investments); Environmental protection and energy transition (adopting renewable sources and clean technologies reduces dependence on fossil fuels and minimizes environmental impact, while increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions are essential for long-term sustainability); Strategic and geopolitical role (countries with significant energy resources have greater influence on the international stage, and regional energy cooperation can strengthen diplomatic and economic relations). A secure and efficient energy system is the backbone of national security, guaranteeing economic stability, strategic independence, and population protection. Investments in modern infrastructure, clean technologies, and diversification of energy sources are crucial for the energy future of any nation. The authors of this study have identified all elements of instability and insecurity within Romania's Power System, and they assessed the vulnerability Poor management of the transmission operator activity and risk of Natural Disaster, that could generate the Energy Crisis – black-out.