Characterization of a water-soluble formulation of Passiflora incarnata and its effect on sperm motility: A novel male-centric contraceptive formulation

Passiflora incarnata (Passionflower) has a long history of use in traditional medicine across South America and Europe, primarily for its sedative and hypnotic effects. Recent evidence suggests that its bioactive constituents can modulate cellular signaling pathways. However, its impact on reproductive physiology, particularly sperm motility, remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an aqueous P. incarnata formulation on sperm motility and viability, with the goal of evaluating its potential as a plant-based, non-hormonal contraceptive agent. An aqueous extract of P. incarnata was prepared and subjected to phytochemical analysis to quantify polyphenols, flavonoids, and carbohydrate content using standard assays. Antioxidant activity was assessed via free radical scavenging assays. The presence of bioactive macromolecules was confirmed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Goat spermatozoa, isolated from the caudal epididymis, were treated with the formulation. Sperm motility (horizontal and vertical) was evaluated microscopically and spectrophotometrically, respectively. Sperm viability was assessed using standard viability staining. Phytochemical screening revealed high polyphenol (16.85 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and flavonoid (2.5 mg quercetin equivalent/g) content, along with notable antioxidant activity (87.25%). LC-MS confirmed the presence of diverse plant macromolecules. Treatment with the P. incarnata formulation significantly reduced both horizontal (28.5%) and vertical (20%) sperm motility (both p < 0.0001), while sperm viability remained unaffected. The water solubility of the formulation supports its development as a topical contraceptive gel. The aqueous P. incarnata formulation modulates sperm motility without compromising cell viability, likely via biochemical pathway regulation. These findings highlight its potential as a novel, non-hormonal, plant-based contraceptive.