Dual human lung models reveal compartment-specific activity of anti-tuberculosis drugs and host-directed therapies

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge that requires new therapeutic strategies to improve drug efficacy, shorten treatment duration, prevent drug resistance, and limit Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) persistence. Here, we established complementary in vitro human lung models integrating alveolar macrophage-like (AML) cells and airway air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures to evaluate standard-of-care antibiotics, host-directed therapies, and virulence-targeting agents. AMLs recapitulated key morphological, transcriptional, and functional features of primary alveolar macrophages, including a CD16 ⁺ immunoregulatory phenotype highly permissive to Mtb infection. In parallel, ALI cultures maintained epithelial barrier integrity and secretory functions, allowing apical Mtb infection, drug penetration analysis, and inflammatory profiling. Benchmarking of standard-of-care antibiotics revealed compartment-specific activity: isoniazid, rifampicin, and moxifloxacin were effective in both systems, while pyrazinamide was active only in AMLs. Anti-inflammatory host-directed therapies such as ibuprofen and doramapimod selectively reduced cytokine production without affecting bacterial load. Together, this dual-platform system offers a physiologically relevant and scalable model to assess antimicrobial efficacy and host modulation across distinct pulmonary niches, bridging the gap between conventional macrophage assays and the complex human lung.