Impaired lysine biosynthesis drives constitutive energy stress priming and darkness stress responses

Plants exposed to extended periods of darkness experience acute energy stress. This stress is counteracted by mitochondrial metabolism, which requires extensive metabolic reprogramming to sustain survival under carbon-limited conditions. Although lysine metabolism has been associated with energy homeostasis, its specific function under prolonged carbon deprivation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the lysine-biosynthesis mutant dapat exhibits premature senescence and accelerated mortality under an 8h/16h light–dark cycle, whereas it survives under a 12h/12h photoperiod. This suggests a critical dependence on carbon reserves accumulated prior to darkness exposure. Under short-day conditions, dapat plants displayed a pronounced decline in photosystem II efficiency (Fv/Fm), chlorophyll degradation, decreased total protein content and increased levels of free amino acids. Transcriptional analysis of genes encoding amino acid catabolic enzymes, alternative respiratory components, and markers of senescence, starvation, and autophagy revealed a constitutive priming response prior to stress induction. This response was further intensified under carbon-limitation, indicating severe metabolic reprogramming. Notably, growth under a 12h light /12h dark cycle prior to darkness exposure enabled dapat plants to recover following extended darkness. They exhibited a distinctive recovery profile and maintenance of the metabolic reprogramming signature intrinsic to the DAPAT mutation. Collectively, our findings indicate that lysine biosynthesis plays an important role in the coordination of cellular energy status and stress response. Considering the photoperiod-dependent regulation observed, we propose that lysine biosynthesis is essential for plant survival during long-term darkness.