Rag GTPases Suppress Renal Cystic Disease by Inhibiting TFEB Independently of mTORC1

Aberrant mTORC1 activation in renal tubular epithelial cells (rTECs) is implicated as a critical driver of renal cystic diseases (RCDs), including autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and tuberous sclerosis (TSC), yet its precise role remains unclear. Rag GTPases recruit mTORC1 to lysosomes, its intracellular activation site. Unexpectedly, we found that deleting RagA/B in rTECs, despite inhibiting mTORC1, triggers renal cystogenesis and kidney failure. We identify TFEB as the key driver of cystogenesis downstream of RagA/B loss and show that Rag GTPases, rather than mTORC1, are the primary suppressors of TFEB in vivo. We further highlight increased nuclear TFEB as a shared feature of several RCD models, whereas differences in mTORC1 activity may explain the variable efficacy of mTORC1 inhibitors. Finally, we provide evidence that nuclear TFEB, rather than mTORC1 activation, is a more consistent biomarker of cyst-lining epithelial cells in ADPKD. Overall, these findings challenge the prevailing view that mTORC1 hyperactivation is required for renal cystogenesis, which has important translational implications.